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| 1894 |
| | | Wealthy US astronomer Percival Lowell builds an observatory at Mars Hill in Flagstaff, Arizona | |
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| 1904 |
| | | An observatory with a 100-inch reflecting telescope is set up by George Ellery Hale on Mount Wilson in California | |
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| 1905 |
| | | Percival Lowell predicts the existence of an unknown planet, almost exactly where Pluto is discovered 25 years later | |
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| 1915 |
| | | The nearest star to earth, the red dwarf Proxima Centauri 4.22 light years away, is discovered by Robert Innes, Scottish director of the Johannesburg Observatory | |
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| 1924 |
| | | US astronomer Edwin Hubble proves that the nebula Andromeda is vastly further away than other stars and can only be a separate galaxy | |
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| 1926 |
| | | To explain the irregular movement of stars, Swedish astronomer Bertil Lindblad proposes the theory that our galaxy rotates | |
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| 1926 |
| | | British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington compares mass and luminosity in The Internal Constitution of the Stars | |
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| 1929 |
| | | US astronomer Edwin Hubble uses the red shift of light from galaxies to demonstrate that they are receding from each other and the universe is expanding | |
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| 1948 |
| | | British astronomer Fred Hoyle puts forward a 'steady-state' theory of the universe, in which matter is continually created | |
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| 1948 |
| | | A 200-inch telescope goes into service at the Mount Palomar Observatory in California | |
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